Arrangements for these independent research projects must be made with an Earth Science Faculty member prior to registration. This course requires the student to submit a completed application to the CPS Undergraduate Assistant. Registration in the course is required. The application form can be downloaded from www.utm.utoronto.ca/cps/undergraduate/ resources/independent-studies-application-form. Copies of the completed report must be submitted one week prior to the end of term classes. Students may take both ERS471H5 and ERS472H5 in the same term. A component of the mark will be based on an oral presentation made at the end of the course.